Plan integrado de abordaje de la tuberculosis en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Integrated plan for adressing tuberculosis in the City of Buenos Aires

Desde mayo del año 2016, diferentes áreas del Ministerio de Salud se encuentran trabajando con la finalidad de colocar en la agenda sanitaria la necesidad de abordar la TBC de una manera diferente a la que actual para intentar cambiar una situación que viene empeorando, como se dijo, desde hace al menos 5 años y más. A principios de 2017 se comenzó a presentar la situación de la TBC de manera sistemática en el Boletín Epidemiológico Semanal. El 30 de Junio de 2017 se presentó una Comunicación Oficial que planteó los lineamientos generales del nuevo abordaje: Empadronamiento, asignación a Equipos de Salud y notificación al SNVS-TBC, Creación/fortalecimiento de comités interdisciplinarios para el seguimiento de los pacientes con TBC, y Descentralización de la medicación. Al mismo tiempo y en la actualidad, se trabaja con la Red de TBC para fortalecer los vínculos de trabajo entre los neumotisiólogos y los diferentes ámbitos de abordaje (atención primaria, epidemiología, entre otros). Este plan operativo propone especialmente tomar en cuenta la priorización de todas las acciones vinculadas con el abordaje de la TBC de acuerdo al Plan de Salud de la Ciudad, fortaleciendo la estrategia de Atención Primaria de la Salud y haciendo foco en los ámbitos más vulnerados y con mayor cantidad de casos, de acuerdo a la situación epidemiológica. (AU)

Determinants of tuberculosis in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean / Determinantes de la tuberculosis en los paÍses de América Latina y el Caribe

ABSTRACT Objectives To explore the relationships among social, economic, environmental, and health services determinants of tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and mortality, and to identify the mechanisms that mediate such associations in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods This was an ecological study of 26 LAC countries that had accurate data available on 38 selected variables for the year 2010. The countries represented 99% of the TB burden in LAC. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify associations among determinants of health and TB morbidity and mortality. Results TB-HIV coinfection and multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in previously treated cases were found to be positively associated to TB morbidity and negatively associated to improved basic sanitation and water coverage—pointing to an increase of TB morbidity in the first two variables and a decrease of TB morbidity in the last two. Regarding TB mortality, indigenous people and MDR-TB in previously treated cases were positively associated. In contrast, literacy among women, basic sanitation, water coverage, and nutritional status were negatively associated to mortality, denoting that improvements in these areas could reduce TB mortality. Conclusions The study findings support intersectoral actions that address social, economic, environmental, and health services determinants within the Stop TB strategy. The mechanisms by which social determinants of health affect current trend outcomes extend beyond medical interventions to control TB, but more research is needed to understand how and to develop actionable recommendations.

RESUMEN Objetivos Explorar las relaciones que existen entre los determinantes sociales, económicos, ambientales y de los servicios de salud y la morbilidad y la mortalidad por tuberculosis, y examinar los mecanismos que median estas correlaciones en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos A partir de diferentes fuentes de datos del año 2010, se aplicó un análisis de regresión lineal multivariante con el propósito de revelar las asociaciones entre los determinantes de la salud y la morbilidad y la mortalidad por tuberculosis en 26 países de América Latina y el Caribe (99% de la carga de tuberculosis) que contaban con datos sobre las 38 variables escogidas. Resultados En el 2010, la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y Mycobacterium tuberculosis y la presencia de tuberculosis multirresistente en los pacientes previamente tratados mostraron una correlación positiva con la morbilidad por tuberculosis y una correlación negativa con el progreso del saneamiento básico y la cobertura de los servicios de agua; esta observación revela un aumento de la morbilidad por tuberculosis asociado con las dos primeras variables y una disminución de la morbilidad que se asocia con las dos últimas. Con respecto a la mortalidad por tuberculosis, la población indígena y los casos de tuberculosis multirresistente en los pacientes previamente tratados revelaron una correlación positiva. Por el contrario, el alfabetismo en las mujeres, el saneamiento básico, la cobertura de los servicios de agua y el estado nutricional se asociaron negativamente con la mortalidad, lo cual indica que al mejorar los cuatro últimos determinantes se puede obtener una disminución de la mortalidad por tuberculosis. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio respaldan las iniciativas intersectoriales que asocian los determinantes sociales, económicos, ambientales y de los servicios de salud a la estrategia Alto a la Tuberculosis. Los mecanismos que median la influencia de los determinantes sociales sobre la evolución actual de los resultados de salud trascienden las intervenciones médicas de control de la tuberculosis y se precisan nuevas investigaciones que mejoren la comprensión de estos mecanismos y contribuyan a formular recomendaciones prácticas.

Avaliação IgG total anti-MCE1A como potencial biomarcado da tuberculose ativa e latente / Total IgG anti-MCE1A evaluation as potential biomarker of active and latent tuberculosis

Introdução: A tuberculose (TB), doença crônica causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), é uma das doenças infecciosas que mais acomete a população brasileira, com 2.832 óbitos em 2010. Na infecção causada pelo Mtb, a interação das células T com os macrófagos (MØs) infectados é fundamental na imunidade protetora contra o bacilo. A Mce1A é uma proteína da parede celular do Mtb que confere grande capacidade de aderência, invasão e sobrevivência em MØs. Contudo, a caracterização da proteína Mce1A pode fornecer um biomarcador para diagnóstico e monitoramento do tratamento. Nosso objetivo é avaliar a produção de IgG total anti-Mce1A em pacientes com TB e seus comunicantes domiciliares (CDTB). Material e métodos: Indivíduos diagnosticados com TB pulmonar e CDTB foram submetidos a coleta de sangue por punção venosa. O diagnóstico da TB foi baseado em quadro clínico e/ou radiografia sugestiva e/ou baciloscopia do escarro positiva. Nos CDTB, a infecção foi determinada a partir da reação do teste tuberculínico (TT) e avaliação radiográfica. Soro dos três grupos foi coletado e armazenado a -20ºC, até a determinação dos níveis de IgG total anti-Mce1A por meio de um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). Resultados: Entre janeiro de 2012 e outubro de 2013 foram identificados 50 pacientes com TB pulmonar e 50 CDTB, dentre os quais 23 foram TT positivo e 27 foram TT negativo. A média de idade da população estudada foi de 37,8 anos (DP ± 20,4). O gênero masculino prevaleceu entre os pacientes com TB (68%), porém nos CDTB, o gênero feminino prevaleu (62%)...

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infectious disease that affects the Brazilian population, with 2,832 deaths in 2010. In Mtb infection, the interaction of T cells with infected macrophages (MØs) is critical in protective immunity against the bacillus. The Mce1A is a cell wall protein of Mtb which gives great adhesion characteristics, invasion and survival in MØs. However, the characterization of protein Mce1A can provide a biomarker for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment. Our goal is to evaluate the production of total IgG anti-Mce1A TB patients and their household contacts (HHC). Material and Methods: Individuals diagnosed with pulmonary TB and HHC were subjected to blood collection by venipuncture. The diagnosis of TB was based on clinical and/or suggestive radiography and/or positive sputum smear. In HHC, infection was determined from the reaction of the tuberculin skin test (TST) and radiographic evaluation. Three groups of serum was collected and stored at -20 ° C until determination of the levels of anti-Mce1A total IgG by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Between January 2012 and October 2013, 50 patients were identified with pulmonary TB and 50 HHC, of which 23 were positive TST and 27 were negative TST. The average age of the study population was 37.8 years (SD ± 20.4). The males predominated among patients with TB (68%), but the HHC, the prevailed females (62%)...

Positive tuberculin test and risk of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a tuberculosis clinic settled in an upright building, in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Reactividad a tuberculina en trabajadores de la salud de un centro de referencia de tuberculosis

Background: Occupational Tuberculosis (TB) can lead to work absenteeism and a negative professional impact. Knowing the reactivity of the tuberculin test and the risk of M. tuberculosis infection among healthcare professionals is essential for the revision and reinforcement of control measures against TB transmission. Aim: To assess the reactivity of tuberculin test and risk of M. tuberculosis infection among healthcare professionals working in an upright building, in which a TB Reference Clinic is placed. Subjects and Methods: A tuberculosis Skin Test (TST) was done to 251 staff members of a TB clinic that did not have a previous history or suspicion of TB and that did not have a previous TST done. Among subjects with absence of reaction, repeated tests were carried out to assess booster reaction. Results: Fifty one percent of studied subjects (129) had a positive tuberculin test. The booster phenomenon was evidenced in 35.7% (68/190). The seroconversion among non-reactive subjects, subjected to a new TST after one year, was 5.1%. The infection risk was 1.4. Conclusions: This study indicates an important occupational risk of infection in healthcare settings exposed to high TB incidence, and should be used to better allocate resources for infection control.

Antecedentes: La tuberculosis ocupacional causa ausentismo laboral. Conocer la reactividad tuberculínica de los trabajadores de la salud ayuda a mejorar las medidas de control para evitar la infección laboral con M. tuberculosis. Objetivo: Estudiar la reactividad tuberculínica de un grupo de trabajadores de la salud de un centro de referencia de tuberculosis que está ubicado en una edificación vertical. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una prueba de tuberculina a 251 empleados de una clínica de tuberculosis, que no tenían antecedentes o sospecha de tuberculosis y quienes no habían sido sometidos previamente a la prueba. Aquellos sujetos que no respondieron a tuberculina fueron sometidos a una nueva prueba para evaluar la reacción de refuerzo. Resultados: El 51% de los sujetos estudiados tuvieron una reacción tuber-culínica positiva. El fenómeno de refuerzo se observó en 69 de 190 sujetos (35,7%). La tasa de seroconversión en aquellos sujetos con una tuberculina negativa en que se repitió la prueba la cabo de un año, fue de 5,1%. Conclusiones: En este grupo de trabajadores de la salud expuestos a M. tuberculosis, hay una alta tasa de reactividad negativa a tuberculina.

Perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose no Município de Teresina-PI, no período de 1999 a 2005 / Epidemiological Features of Tuberculosis in the City of Teresina, Piaui State, Brazil, from 1999 to 2005

O trabalho descreve o perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose no município de Teresina-PI, Brasil, de 1999 a 2005. É um estudo epidemiológico descritivo de série histórica com dados coletados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan) e no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Município, sobre casos novos notificados de tuberculose, residentes em Teresina-PI, analisando-se características demográficas, socioeconômicas e clínicas. Foi encontrada uma taxa média de incidência de casos novos de 50,1/100.000 hab. e coeficiente médio de mortalidade de 3,3 por 100.000 hab. Os doentes são predominantemente do sexo masculino (64,0 por cento), com menos de sete anos de escolaridade (70,33 por cento) e de adultos jovens (58,8 por cento), apesar de a maior taxa de incidência ter sido observada na faixa etária de 50 anos e mais. Em 80,23 por cento dos casos, encontrou-se a forma pulmonar e quanto à evolução, 71,07 por cento foram curados e 17,15 por cento tiveram alta por transferência. O trabalho possibilitou conhecer as características da população estudada e as dificuldades, no Sinan, do Programa de Controle da Tuberculose no município de Teresina.

This work describes the epidemiological features of tuberculosis in the city of Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil, from 1999 to 2005. This is a descriptive epidemiologic study of historical series on newly reported tuberculosis cases among residents of Teresina, State of Piaui, by analyzing their demographic, socioeconomic and clinical characteristics. Data were collected from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (Sinan) and from the Information System on Mortality in Teresina. The median incidence rate of new cases was 50.1/100,000 population and the mean mortality coefficient was 3.3/100,000 population. The disease has affected mostly males (64.0 percent), those who had less than 7 years of formal education (70.33 percent) and in young adults (58.8 percent), although the highest incidence rate was found in the age group of 50 and over. Pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 80.23 percent of all cases. As for the course of the disease, 71.07 percent of patients were cured and 17.15 percent were transferred from one health service to another. This study has helped understand the characteristics of the population studied and the difficulties of the Tuberculosis Control Program in the city of Teresina as far as Sinan is concerned.

Tuberculosis en el personal de salud del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur de Santiago, Chile / Tuberculosis in health care workers from a public health service in Santiago, Chile

Objective: To evalúate the risk of tuberculosis (TBC) among health care workers (HCW) of the Southern Metropolitan Health Service (SMHS) of Santiago, Chile. Method: A retrospective study using records of patients receiving TBC treatment in the SMHS from 2001 to 2006 was performed, in which HCW were identified. Total population of HCWs at risk was calculated using annual records of personnel hired at the SMHS. Data on TBC cases and rates were compared against data of the SMSH and hazard ratio (HR) and confidence intervals obtained. Results: Fourteen cases were identified, predominantly among auxiliary personnel (n: 4, 35.7 percent), nursing staff and ambulance drivers (n: 2, 14.3 percent) each). Cases occurred in personnel from 41.7 percent of hospitals and 10.3 percent of ambulatory care centers within the SMHS and 92.2 percent involved personnel with direct patient care or contact. Pulmonary localization was seen in 11 (78.6 percent), and more than half (57.2 percent) had a positive sputum stain or culture. All cases initiated treatment, but 1 abandoned it and other died of liver failure associated to cirrhosis (7.1 percent each). Between 2003 and 2006, the annual rate of TBC among HCW ranged between 0 and 79 per 100.000, and during 2004 it -10.62). Conclusions: Despite TBC rate decline in Chile, this disease still represents a significant occupational risk for HCW. Notably, more than half of cases among HCWs are contagious, and despite treatment, some have a lethal evolution.

Objetivo: Evaluar el riesgo de tuberculosis (TBC) clínica a través de un estudio retrospectivo sobre la razón de prevalencia de TBC entre el personal de salud (PS) del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur de la Región Metropolitana (SSMS) y la población de la misma zona. Método: Los casos entre el PS y el resto del SSMS, junto a la población total y la dotación del PS, se obtuvieron de los registros existentes en el propio SSMS (2001-2006). Resultados: Se identificaron 14 casos, afectando predominantemente a técnicos paramédicos (35,7 por ciento), enfermeros y conductores de ambulancia (14,3 por ciento) cada uno). El 92,9 por ciento de los afectados laboraba en el área clínica. Los casos se presentaron entre el PS de hospitales y consultorios. Los afectados involucraban al 41,7 por ciento del total de hospitales y a 10,3 por ciento de los centros de atención primaria. La localización fue predominantemente pulmonar (78,6 por ciento) y más de la mitad tenía frotis o cultivo de expectoración positivo (57,2 por ciento). Todos los casos iniciaron tratamiento, 12 lo completaron con éxito (85,7 por ciento), uno lo abandonó y el restante falleció por falla hepática asociada a cirrosis (7,1 por ciento cada uno). La tasa entre el PS varió entre 0 y 79 casos por 100.000 y el año 2004 fue significativamente superior al valor registrado en el SSMS (razón de nesgo 4,56; IC95: 1,83 -10,62). Conclusiones: A pesar de la declinación de la TBC en Chile, aún representa un riesgo ocupacional para el PS. Notablemente, más de la mitad de los casos son bacilíferos y algunos casos tienen una evolución letal.

Tuberculosis en el personal de salud / Tuberculosis in healthcare workers

Tuberculosis (TB) is an occupational risk hazard that explains 5 to 5.361 additional cases of TB per 100.000 individuals among healthcare workers (HCW) in relation to general population in developing countries. For each clinical case a number of additional infections are occurring, that can be detected by tuberculin skin test conversion among non-BCG vaccinated HCW or by interferon-gamma testing. Risk factors for HCW infection include number of TB patients examined, job characteristics and place of work, delay in diagnostic suspicion, patients with multidrug resistant strains, limited access to appropriate ventilation systems, non-compliance with aerosol dissemination precautions, immune suppressed and/or malnourished HCW. Molecular studies suggest that only 32 to 42 percent of TB cases among HCW are related to occupational exposure. Useful measures to prevent occupational TB acquisition include a number of administrative-, infrastructure- and personal-related measures that have proven to be successful in reducing occurrence of new infections including clinical TB cases among HCW. In Chile, two official government sponsored guidelines are currently available for preventing TB infection among HCW, issued by the national TBC Control Program and by the National Nosocomial infection Control Program. Major differences in recommendations between these guidelines indicate that an update is urgently needed.

La tuberculosis (TBC) es un riesgo ocupacional que explica entre 5 y 5.361 casos por 100.000 personas en el personal de salud (PS) por sobre la población general en países en vías de desarrollo. Cada caso clínico implica que han ocurrido muchos casos de infección. Esta infección puede ser detectada por la prueba de conversión de tuberculina entre personas no vacunadas o por prueba de liberación de gama interferón. Los factores de riesgo incluyen la frecuencia de pacientes con TBC atendidos, la función y lugar de trabajo del PS, retraso en la sospecha diagnóstica, atención de pacientes con cepas multi-resistentes, sistemas de ventilación limitados, falta de aplicación de precauciones por aerosoles y PS con inmunosupresión o desnutrición. Los estudios moleculares han permitido aclarar que sólo 32 a 42 por ciento de los casos en el PS responde a adquisición ocupacional. Las medidas útiles para prevenir este riesgo incluyen un conjunto de disposiciones administrativas, de infraestructura y precauciones en el personal que han permitido reducir el riesgo de infección, y en ocasiones el de TBC clínica, en el PS. En Chile existen actualmente dos normas reguladoras sobre la materia, una del Programa Nacional de la TBC y el otro del Programa de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias, las que difieren en algunos aspectos sustantivos y que ameritan una revisión.

Perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de tuberculose entre os profissionais de saúde no Hospital Universitário em Vitória (ES) Brasil / Epidemiological profile of tuberculosis cases reported among health care workers at the University Hospital in Vitoria, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Traçar o perfil epidemiológico dos casos notificados de tuberculose entre os profissionais de saúde no Programa de Controle da Tuberculose do Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio de Moraes, em Vitória (ES) Brasil. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo de dados secundários no período de 2002 a 2006. RESULTADOS: Foram notificados 25 casos de profissionais de saúde com tuberculose: 8 técnicos de enfermagem (32 por cento); 4 médicos (16 por cento); 3 enfermeiros (12 por cento); 2 técnicos em radiologia (8 por cento) e 8 profissionais pertencentes a outras categorias (32 por cento); 14 do sexo masculino (56 por cento) e 11 do sexo feminino (44 por cento). A faixa etária com maior incidência foi a de 35-39 anos. A forma clínica predominante foi a extrapulmonar com 12 casos (48 por cento), seguido da pulmonar com 11 casos (44 por cento), e 2 casos (8 por cento) apresentaram ambas as manifestações. Entre os agravos associados, AIDS, etilismo e tabagismo apresentaram a mesma proporção entre a população do estudo: 33,3 por cento. Quanto ao desfecho, houve 22 casos de cura (88 por cento), 2 transferências (8 por cento) e 1 óbito (4 por cento). A proporção de profissionais de saúde com diagnóstico de tuberculose no período estudado foi de 2,53 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste estudo apontam a necessidade de os profissionais de saúde que trabalham nos programas de controle da tuberculose preencherem o campo "ocupação profissional" nas fichas de notificação do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Além disso, apontam para a necessidade da implementação de um programa de controle de tuberculose ocupacional.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis cases reported among health care workers in the Tuberculosis Control Program of the Cassiano Antonio of Moraes University Hospital in Vitoria, Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study of secondary data was conducted between 2002 and 2006. RESULTS: Twenty-five cases of health care workers with tuberculosis were reported: 8 in nursing technicians (32 percent); 4 in doctors (16 percent); 3 in nurses (12 percent); 2 in radiology technicians (8 percent) and 8 in professionals from other categories (32 percent). Of those 25 health care workers, 14 (56 percent) were male and 11 (44 percent) were female. The incidence of the disease was highest among those from 35 to 39 years of age. The predominant clinical presentation was extrapulmonary (12 cases, 48 percent), followed by pulmonary (11 cases, 44 percent) and a combination of the two (2 cases, 8 percent). Regarding comorbidities, AIDS, alcoholism and smoking, respectively, were present in 33.3 percent of the study population. Outcomes were as follows: 22 cases of cure (88 percent); 2 transfers (8 percent); and 1 death (4 percent). The proportion of health care workers diagnosed with tuberculosis in the period studied was 2.53 percent. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the need for heath care workers who work in the tuberculosis control program to fill out the field "professional occupation" on the tuberculosis case registry database reporting forms. In addition, this situation draws attention to the need to implement an occupational tuberculosis control program.

Abre olho mundo - tuberculose e o SUS: e eu com isso? / Opens eyes world - tuberculosis and SUS, and I with this?

Através de entrevistas realizadas com lideranças e profissionais de saúde, entre outros atores diretamente envolvidos com o problemas da tuberculose, é estabelecido um debate focando como a questão da doença é tratada no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS.

Tuberculosis en trabajadores de salud del Hospital Psiquiátrico de la Habana, 1997-2003 / Tuberculosis in health care workers of the Psychiatric Hospital of Havana, 1997-2003

Fundamento: La transmisión de Mycobacterium tuberculosis es un riesgo reconocido en las instalaciones de salud. El riesgo varía según el tipo de instalación, la prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) en la comunidad, el grupo ocupacional de los trabajadores, el área de la instalación en que trabajan y la efectividad del control. Objetivo: Caracterizar y evaluar la ocurrencia de TB en trabajadores del Hospital Psiquiátrico de la Habana (HPH). Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en la población de trabajadores del HPH en el periodo 1997-2003 y en la población general del Municipio Boyeros. Se estimó la incidencia global del periodo en los trabajadores del HPH y se comparó con la reportada en la población general, estimando además el Riesgo Relativo (RR) y sus intervalos de confianza. Resultados: Se notificaron 7 casos de TB (6 auxiliares generales y una enfermera), predominando el sexo femenino; la edad media fue 46.6 años y el tiempo promedio entre los primeros síntomas y el diagnóstico fue 47.9 días; el riesgo de TB de los trabajadores fue 3.12 veces mayor que la población de Boyeros; el riesgo de enfermarse en las auxiliares generales fue 8.21 veces mayor que la población de Boyeros; los síntomas iniciales más frecuentes incluyen tos, expectoración y hemoptisis; todos los casos fueron confirmados bacteriológicamente. Conclusiones: El riesgo de TB entre los trabajadores del HPH fue 3.12 veces mayor que el observado en la población general, lo que sugiere la adquisición ocupacional de la TB

Tuberculosis prevention questionnaire: common practices among pulmonary medicine and infectious disease specialists in Puerto Rico

A survey about tuberculosis infection status, surveillance and protection practices among pulmonologists and infectologists was performed.A fourteen-item questionnaire was mailed. The survey was addressed to 108 pulmonologists and 61 infectologists. Responses were collected from 35 pulmonologists (32 percent) and 18 infectologists (29 percent). Sixteen out 35 pulmonologists had a positive tuberculin test (TST) (46 percent). Nine of fourteen took at least 6 months of preventive therapy with isoniazid when converted. Three out of eighteen infectologists had a positive TST. 63 percent of the pulmonologists and 38 percent of the infectologists evaluate their TST every 12 months. 40 percent of the pulmonologists and 66 percent of the infectologists answered that they treat more than ten patients with tuberculosis annually. Interestingly, 50 percent of the responder bronchoscopists use surgical masks instead of recommended HEPA filter masks. 73 percent of the responders reported not having negative pressure rooms when performing procedures. Despite stamped-addressed envelopes and the relation of these professionals with the related issue, low participation was observed.Among the responders a low frequency of TST was observed, especially in those exposed to higher-risk procedures. Non-adequate facilities and lack of use of protective equipment was reported. Even though not representative of the entire medical community the results of this survey are concerning regarding educational and safety policies of our professionals and institutions

Tuberculose: assistência ou controle? Discussäo sobre a efetividade epidemiológica dos programas de controle baseados no diagnóstico e tratamento de casos / Tuberculosis: assistance or control? Discussion on the epidemiological efectivity of control programs based in the diagnosis and treatment of cases

Debate a efetividade epidemiológica dos programas de controle da tuberculose que, baseados na descoberta de casos e seu tratamento, têm como objetivo reduzir a transmissäo do bacilo e, conseguinte, a morbidade. Os indicadores epidemiológicos utilizados no campo da tuberculose säo analisados avaliando-se suas aplicaçöes, limitaçöes e as relaçöes entre eles. É descrita a dinâmica de transmissäo do bacilo com base em modelos matemáticos compartimentais, assim como os efeitos esperados do diagnóstico tratamento de casos de acordo com essa abordagem. Dados frequentemente citados na literatura, como evidências empíricas da efetividade do programa de controle, säo revistos criticamente. Por outro lado, questiona premissas dos modelos de compreensäo da dinâmica de transmissäo, sobretudo a proporcionalidade entre coeficiente de prevalência de casos bacilíferos e risco de infecçäo, cotejando-as com resultados de estudos empíricos. Discutindo a relevância de outros elementos na determinaçäo do comportamento epidemiológico da tuberculose, conclui que o impacto dos programas de controle baseados em diagnóstico e tratamento de casos na transmissäo do bacilo é apenas marginal, e que comportamento epidemiológico da tuberculose é determinado primariamente pela resitência ao adoecimento, resultado de fatores biológicos e sociais.